Fresnel Propagation
POPPY now includes support for Fresnel propagation as well as Fraunhofer.
Particular credit is due to Ewan Douglas for
initially developing this code. This substantial upgrade to poppy
enables
calculation of wavefronts propagated arbitrary distances in free space, for applications
such as Gaussian beam propagation and modeling of Talbot effect mixing between phase and
amplitude aberrations.
Caution
The Fresnel code has
been cross-checked against the PROPER library by John Krist to verify accuracy and correctness of
output. A test suite is provided along with poppy
in the tests subdirectory
and users are encouraged to run these tests themselves.
Usage of the Fresnel code
The API has been kept as similar as possible to the original Fraunhofer mode of
poppy. There are FresnelWavefront
and FresnelOpticalSystem
classes, which can
be used for the most part similar to the Wavefront
and OpticalSystem
classes.
Users are encouraged to consult the Jupyter notebook Fresnel_Propagation_Demo for examples of how to use the Fresnel code.
Key Differences from Fraunhofer mode
The Fresnel propagation API necessarily differs in several ways from the original Fraunhofer API in poppy. Let’s highlight a few of the key differences. First, when we define a Fresnel wavefront, the first argument specifies the desired diameter of the wavefront, and must be given as an astropy.Quantity of dimension length:
import astropy.units as u
npix = 256
wf_fresnel = poppy.FresnelWavefront(0.5*u.m,wavelength=2200e-9,npix=npix,oversample=4)
# versus:
wf_fraunhofer = poppy.Wavefront(diam=0.5, wavelength=2200e-9,npix=npix,oversample=4)
The Fresnel code relies on the Quantity framework to enforce consistent units and dimensionality. You can use any desired unit of length, from nanometers to parsecs and beyond, and the code will convert units appropriately. This also shows up when requesting an optical propagation. Rather than having implicit transformations between pupil and image planes, for Fresnel propagation a specific distance must be given. This too is a Quantity giving a length.
wf.propagate_fresnel(5*u.km)
The parameters of a Gaussian beam may be modified (making it converging or
diverging) by adding optical power. In poppy this is represented with the
QuadraticLens
class. This is so named because it applies a purely quadratic
phase term, i.e. representative of a parabolic mirror or a lens considered in
the paraxial approximation. Right now, only the Fresnel QuadraticLens
class
will actually cause the Gaussian beam parameters to change. You won’t get that
effect by adding wavefront error with some other OpticalElement
class.
Using the FreselOpticalSystem class
Just like the OpticalSystem
serves as a high-level container for
OpticalElement
instances in Fraunhofer propagation, the FresnelOpticalSystem
serves the same purpose in Fresnel propagation. Note that when adding an
OpticalElement
to the FresnelOpticalSystem
, you use the function add_optic()
and must specify a physical distance separating that optic from the
previous optic, again as an astropy.Quantity of dimension length. This replaces
the add_image
and add_pupil
methods used in Fraunhofer propagation. For example:
osys = poppy.FresnelOpticalSystem(pupil_diameter = 0.05*u.m, npix = npix, beam_ratio = 0.25)
osys.add_optic(poppy.CircularAperture(radius=0.025) )
osys.add_optic(poppy.ScalarTransmission(), distance = 10*u.m )
If you want the output from a Fresnel calculation to have a particular pixel
sampling, you may either (1) adjust the npix
and oversample
or
beam_ratio
parameters so that the propagation output naturally has the
desired sampling, or (2) add a Detector
instance as the last optical plane
to define the desired sampling, in which case the output wavefront will be
interpolated onto the desired sampling and number of pixels. Note that when
specifying Detectors in a Fresnel system you must use physical sizes of pixels,
e.g. 10*u.micron/u.pixel
, and NOT angular sizes in arcsec/pixel like in a
regular Fraunhofer OpticalSystem. For instance:
osys.add_detector(pixelscale=20*u.micron/u.pixel, fov_pixels=512)
Example Jupyter Notebooks
Fresnel tutorial notebook
For more details and examples of code usage, consult the Jupyter notebook Fresnel_Propagation_Demo. In addition to details on code usage, this includes a worked example of a Fresnel model of the Hubble Space Telescope.
A non-astronomical example
A worked example of a compound microscope in POPPY is available here, reproducing the microscope example case provided in the PROPER manual.
Fresnel calculations with Physical units
A subclass, PhysicalFresnelWavefront
, enables calculations using wavefronts
scaled to physical units, i.e. volts/meter for electric field and watts for
total intensity (power). This code was developed and contributed by Phillip
Springer.
See this notebook for examples and further discussion.
References
The following references were helpful in the development of this code.
Goodman, Fourier Optics
- Lawrence, G. N. (1992), Optical Modeling, in Applied Optics and Optical Engineering., vol. XI,
edited by R. R. Shannon and J. C. Wyant., Academic Press, New York.
IDEX Optics and Photonics(n.d.), Gaussian Beam Optics
- Krist, J. E. (2007), PROPER: an optical propagation library for IDL
vol. 6675, p. 66750P-66750P-9.
Andersen, T., and A. Enmark (2011), Integrated Modeling of Telescopes, Springer Science & Business Media.